Capacidade antioxidante total da dieta de pacientes com câncer em tratamento ambulatorial / Dietary total antioxidant capacity in cancer patients undergoing ambulatory treatment / Capacidad antioxidante total de la dieta de pacientes con cáncer en tratamiento ambulatorio

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade antioxidante total da dieta e fatores associados em pacientes com câncer em tratamento ambulatorial. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes oncológicos em 2020, sendo avaliados os dados sociodemográficos, tratamento da doença, frequência alimentar e um recordatório de 24 horas. Medidas antropométricas foram aferidas para a classificação do peso. Para a determinação da capacidade antioxidante total da dieta (CATd) foi utilizado um banco de dados com o conteúdo total de antioxidantes de alimentos. Adotada a significância estatística de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: A mediana do consumo de antioxidante foi de 3,29±1,82mmol/g. Os pacientes que apresentaram o CATd acima da mediana tiveram maior consumo de carboidratos, proteínas, lipídios, vitamina C e E (p<0,05). Não houve relação entre o CATd e as medidas antropométricas. CONCLUSÃO: A capacidade antioxidante da dieta esteve associada ao consumo de macronutrientes e de vitamina C e E, mas não apresentou relação com as medidas antropométricas. (AU).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the total antioxidant capacity of the diet and associated factors in cancer patients in ambulatory treatment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out with cancer patients in 2020, evaluating sociodemographic data, disease treatment, food frequency and a 24-hour recall. Anthropometric measurements were taken for weight classification. To determine the total antioxidant capacity of the diet (CATd) a database with the total content of food antioxidants was used. Statistical significance of p<0.05 was adopted. RESULTS: The median antioxidant consumption was 3.29±1.82mmol/g. Patients with CATd above the median had higher consumption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamin C and E (p<0.05). There was no relationship between CATd and anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSION: The antioxidant capacity of the diet was associated with the consumption of macronutrients and vitamin C and E, but was not related to anthropometric measurements. (AU).

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la capacidad antioxidante total de la dieta y factores asociados en pacientes oncológicos en tratamiento ambulatorio. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado con pacientes oncológicos en 2020, evaluando datos sociodemográficos, tratamiento de la enfermedad, frecuencia de alimentación y recordatorio de 24 horas. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas para la clasificación de peso. Para determinar la capacidad antioxidante total de la dieta (CATd) se utilizó una base de datos con el contenido total de antioxidantes de los alimentos. Se adoptó la significación estadística de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: La mediana del consumo de antioxidantes fue de 3,29±1,82mmol/g. Los pacientes con CATd por encima de la mediana tenían mayor consumo de carbohidratos, proteínas, lípidos, vitamina C y E (p<0,05). No hubo relación entre CATd y medidas antropométricas. CONCLUSIÓN: La capacidad antioxidante de la dieta se asoció con el consumo de macronutrientes y vitamina C y E, pero no se relacionó con las medidas antropométricas. (AU).

Vitamin D is associated with the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype in Brazilian children.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors is increasing and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency has become a worldwide public health problem, even in tropical countries. Therefore, we identified the prevalence of hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HWP) and evaluate its relationship with vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 378 children aged 8 and 9 enrolled in all urban schools in the city of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), biochemical tests and clinical evaluation were performed. Poisson regression was used to analyze the association between vitamin D and HWP. RESULTS: Prevalence of HWP was 16.4%. This prevalence was higher among children with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and in those with a greater number of other cardiometabolic risk factors. Multiple regression analysis showed that children with vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency had, respectively, prevalence 85% (95% CI: 1.03-3.30) and 121% (95% CI: 1.11-4.45) higher of HWP than the vitamin D sufficiency group. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D insuffiency and deficiency were associated with a higher prevalence of HWP among children, regardless of the presence of other cardiometabolic risk factors, indicating an additional risk of inadequate vitamin D status to cardiometabolic health in childhood.

Neck circumference cutoff points to identify excess android fat / Pontos de corte do perímetro do pescoço para identificar o excesso de gordura androide

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the ability of neck circumference to identify excess android fat and to propose cutoff points for Brazilian children. Method: This was a cross-sectional study with 376 children aged 8 and 9 years enrolled in public and private schools in the urban area of the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais. A semi-structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic and lifestyle information was applied. The following were collected: neck circumference, weight, and height for the calculation of body mass index. The percentage of fat in the android region was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between neck circumference and android fat, adopting a significance level of 5%. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the capacity of neck circumference to determine the excess android fat, as well as to estimate the cutoff points of neck circumference according to gender. Results: Multiple linear regression showed an association between neck circumference and android fat (β: 2.94, 95% CI: 2.41, 3.47). Neck circumference was able to identify excess android fat in girls (AUC: 0.909, 95% CI: 0.999, 0.945) and boys (AUC: 0.938, 95% CI: 0.892, 0.968). The proposed cutoff points showed satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. Conclusions: Neck circumference is capable of identifying excess android fat in children and can be used in clinical practice and in population studies to determine central adiposity. The proposed cutoff points were satisfactory, but should be validated for other populations.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade do perímetro do pescoço em identificar o excesso de gordura androide e propor pontos de corte para crianças brasileiras. Método: Estudo transversal com 376 crianças de oito e nove anos, matriculadas em escolas públicas e privadas da área urbana de Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado com informações sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida. Foram coletados: perímetro do pescoço, peso e estatura para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal. O percentual de gordura na região androide foi determinado pela absorciometria de raios X de dupla energia. A análise de regressão linear foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre o perímetro do pescoço e a gordura androide, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Por meio das curvas Receiver Operating Characteristic avaliou-se a capacidade do perímetro do pescoço de determinar o excesso de gordura androide, bem como estimaram-se os pontos de corte de perímetro do pescoço segundo o sexo. Resultados: A regressão linear múltipla demonstrou associação entre o perímetro do pescoço e a gordura androide (β: 2,94; IC95%: 2,41; 3,47). O perímetro do pescoço foi capaz de identificar o excesso de gordura androide em meninas (AUC: 0,909; IC95%: 0,859; 0,945) e meninos (AUC: 0,938; IC95%: 0,892; 0,968). Os pontos de corte propostos tiveram valores de sensibilidade, especificidade e preditivos satisfatórios. Conclusões: O perímetro do pescoço é uma medida capaz de identificar o excesso de gordura androide em crianças, pode ser usado na prática clínica e em estudos populacionais para determinar a adiposidade central. Os pontos de corte propostos foram satisfatórios, entretanto devem ser validados para outras populações.

Cutoff point estimation for serum vitamin D concentrations to predict cardiometabolic risk in Brazilian children.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate serum 25(OH)D concentrations and determine a cutoff point for cardiometabolic risk in children. SUBJECT/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 378 8-9-year-old children from all urban schools in the city of Viçosa, MG, Brazil. Sociodemographic data and information on lifestyle, and food consumption were collected. Biochemical evaluation included glucose, triglycerides, leptin, calcidiol [25(OH)D], and parathormone. Body composition was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Cardiometabolic risk was considered when nontraditional risk markers were detected, including triglyceride × glycemia index (TyG index), hyperleptinemia, and hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HWP). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to define the cutoff point for serum 25(OH)D to predict cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS: 25(OH)D showed better predictive capacity for grouping of cardiometabolic risk markers than for either single or paired markers. The area under the curve for grouping of risk markers was 0.636 (95% CI: 0.585, 0.685, P < 0.001). The cutoff point to predict cardiometabolic risk was defined as 32.0 ng/mL. CONCLUSION: 25(OH)D presented good predictive capacity for cardiometabolic risk and 25(OH)D concentration higher than 32 ng/mL was associated with a 49% reduction of cardiometabolic risk prevalence in prepubertal Brazilian children.

Neck circumference cutoff points to identify excess android fat.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of neck circumference to identify excess android fat and to propose cutoff points for Brazilian children. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study with 376 children aged 8 and 9 years enrolled in public and private schools in the urban area of the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais. A semi-structured questionnaire containing sociodemographic and lifestyle information was applied. The following were collected: neck circumference, weight, and height for the calculation of body mass index. The percentage of fat in the android region was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between neck circumference and android fat, adopting a significance level of 5%. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the capacity of neck circumference to determine the excess android fat, as well as to estimate the cutoff points of neck circumference according to gender. RESULTS: Multiple linear regression showed an association between neck circumference and android fat (ß: 2.94, 95% CI: 2.41, 3.47). Neck circumference was able to identify excess android fat in girls (AUC: 0.909, 95% CI: 0.999, 0.945) and boys (AUC: 0.938, 95% CI: 0.892, 0.968). The proposed cutoff points showed satisfactory sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values. CONCLUSIONS: Neck circumference is capable of identifying excess android fat in children and can be used in clinical practice and in population studies to determine central adiposity. The proposed cutoff points were satisfactory, but should be validated for other populations.

O consumo de produtos ultraprocessados está associado ao melhor nível socioecocômico das famílias das crianças / The consumption of ultra-processed products is associated with the best socioeconomic level of the children's families

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o consumo de produtos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças pré-púberes. Estudo transversal realizado com 378 crianças de 8 e 9 anos matriculadas em escolas públicas e privadas de Viçosa-MG. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por três recordatórios de 24h. Os dados dietéticos foram tabulados no software Diet Pro® 5i, para quantificar o consumo energético. Para análise dos grupos de consumo alimentar foi utilizada a técnica Two-Step Cluster, por meio do software Stata versão 13.0. Os alimentos foram agrupados e classificados como marcadores de alimentação "saudável" e "não saudável". A associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e os grupos formados foi verificada por meio da Regressão de Poisson. Obteve-se a formação de dois grupos alimentares: "saudável" e "não saudável". A ingestão calórica de ultraprocessados foi menor no grupo "saudável" (20,5%) em relação ao "não saudável" (24,1%; P=0,043). No modelo multivariado, crianças de escola privada (RP = 1,25, P<0,001), que não recebiam Bolsa Família (RP=1,13, P=0,036) e cuja mãe trabalhava (RP=1,38, P<0,001) apresentaram maior chance de consumo "não saudável". O consumo de produtos ultraprocessados associou-se ao maior poder aquisitivo das famílias de crianças pré-púberes.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of ultra-processed foods and associated factors in prepubertal children. It is a cross-sectional study with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years enrolled in public and private schools in Viçosa-MG. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour dietary recalls. Dietary data were entered into the Diet Pro® 5i software to quantify energy intake. The Two-Step Cluster technique was used to analyze food consumption groups, with the Stata 13 software package. The foods were grouped and classified as "healthy" and "unhealthy" eating markers. The association between the sociodemographic variables and the groups formed was examined by Poisson Regression. Two food groups were formed: "healthy" and "unhealthy". The caloric intake of ultra-processed foods was lower in the "healthy" group (20.5%) than in the "unhealthy" group (24.1%; P = 0.043). The multivariate model showed that private school children (PR = 1.25, P <0.001), who did not receive Bolsa Familia (PR = 1.13, P = 0.036) and had working mothers (PR = 1.38, P <0.001) had increased probability of unhealthy food consumption. Ultra-processed food intake was associated with greater purchasing power of families of prepubertal children.

The consumption of ultra-processed products is associated with the best socioeconomic level of the children's families. / O consumo de produtos ultraprocessados está associado ao melhor nível socioecocômico das famílias das crianças.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of ultra-processed foods and associated factors in prepubertal children. It is a cross-sectional study with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years enrolled in public and private schools in Viçosa-MG. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour dietary recalls. Dietary data were entered into the Diet Pro® 5i software to quantify energy intake. The Two-Step Cluster technique was used to analyze food consumption groups, with the Stata 13 software package. The foods were grouped and classified as "healthy" and "unhealthy" eating markers. The association between the sociodemographic variables and the groups formed was examined by Poisson Regression. Two food groups were formed: "healthy" and "unhealthy". The caloric intake of ultra-processed foods was lower in the "healthy" group (20.5%) than in the "unhealthy" group (24.1%; P = 0.043). The multivariate model showed that private school children (PR = 1.25, P <0.001), who did not receive Bolsa Familia (PR = 1.13, P = 0.036) and had working mothers (PR = 1.38, P <0.001) had increased probability of unhealthy food consumption. Ultra-processed food intake was associated with greater purchasing power of families of prepubertal children.

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o consumo de produtos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças pré-púberes. Estudo transversal realizado com 378 crianças de 8 e 9 anos matriculadas em escolas públicas e privadas de Viçosa-MG. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por três recordatórios de 24h. Os dados dietéticos foram tabulados no software Diet Pro® 5i, para quantificar o consumo energético. Para análise dos grupos de consumo alimentar foi utilizada a técnica Two-Step Cluster, por meio do software Stata versão 13.0. Os alimentos foram agrupados e classificados como marcadores de alimentação "saudável" e "não saudável". A associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e os grupos formados foi verificada por meio da Regressão de Poisson. Obteve-se a formação de dois grupos alimentares: "saudável" e "não saudável". A ingestão calórica de ultraprocessados foi menor no grupo "saudável" (20,5%) em relação ao "não saudável" (24,1%; P=0,043). No modelo multivariado, crianças de escola privada (RP = 1,25, P<0,001), que não recebiam Bolsa Família (RP=1,13, P=0,036) e cuja mãe trabalhava (RP=1,38, P<0,001) apresentaram maior chance de consumo "não saudável". O consumo de produtos ultraprocessados associou-se ao maior poder aquisitivo das famílias de crianças pré-púberes.

Association of Dietary Patterns with Excess Weight and Body Adiposity in Brazilian Children: The Pase-Brasil Study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a multifactorial disease and a serious public health problem. Some of the associated factors are modifiable and, among them, the diet is highlighted. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of dietary patterns of schoolchildren with obesity and body adiposity. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years, enrolled in urban schools in the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to the children and their caregivers on sociodemographic characteristics and life habits. Three 24-hour food recalls were used to identify dietary patterns; the Principal Component Analysis was employed. Weight and height were measured for the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) of the children and their mothers, waist circumference and neck circumference. Body composition was also evaluated through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). For all performed tests, the level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Five dietary patterns (DP) were identified: "unhealthy", "snacks", "traditional", "industrialized" and "healthy". There was an association between excess weight (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.38, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.02 to 1.87) and body fat (PR: 1.32, 95%CI : 1.07 to 1.64) with industrialized DP. There was an association between excess body fat (PR: 1.31, 95%CI: 1.01 to 1.74) and lower adherence to traditional DP. The other patterns were not associated with obesity and body adiposity. CONCLUSION: Children with excess weight and body adiposity showed greater adherence to the industrialized DP and lower adherence to the traditional DP. We suggest that early assessments of dietary habits should be undertaken for monitoring and modifying these habits when necessary.

Association of Dietary Patterns with Excess Weight and Body Adiposity in Brazilian Children: The Pase-Brasil Study / Associação dos Padrões Alimentares com Excesso de Peso e Adiposidade Corporal em Crianças Brasileiras: Estudo Pase-Brasil

Abstract Background: Obesity is a multifactorial disease and a serious public health problem. Some of the associated factors are modifiable and, among them, the diet is highlighted. Objective: To evaluate the association of dietary patterns of schoolchildren with obesity and body adiposity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years, enrolled in urban schools in the city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was applied to the children and their caregivers on sociodemographic characteristics and life habits. Three 24-hour food recalls were used to identify dietary patterns; the Principal Component Analysis was employed. Weight and height were measured for the calculation of the body mass index (BMI) of the children and their mothers, waist circumference and neck circumference. Body composition was also evaluated through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). For all performed tests, the level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Five dietary patterns (DP) were identified: "unhealthy", "snacks", "traditional", "industrialized" and "healthy". There was an association between excess weight (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.38, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.02 to 1.87) and body fat (PR: 1.32, 95%CI : 1.07 to 1.64) with industrialized DP. There was an association between excess body fat (PR: 1.31, 95%CI: 1.01 to 1.74) and lower adherence to traditional DP. The other patterns were not associated with obesity and body adiposity. Conclusion: Children with excess weight and body adiposity showed greater adherence to the industrialized DP and lower adherence to the traditional DP. We suggest that early assessments of dietary habits should be undertaken for monitoring and modifying these habits when necessary.

Resumo Fundamentos: A obesidade é uma doença multifatorial e um grave problema de saúde pública. Alguns dos fatores associados são modificáveis; dentre eles destaca-se a alimentação. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação dos padrões alimentares de escolares com a obesidade e adiposidade corporal. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 378 crianças de 8 e 9 anos, matriculadas em escolas urbanas no município de Viçosa, Minas Gerais (MG), Brasil. Foi aplicado um questionário semiestruturado com as crianças e seus responsáveis sobre características sociodemográficas e hábitos de vida. Utilizaram-se três recordatórios 24 horas para identificar os padrões alimentares; a Análise de Componentes Principais foi empregada. Foram aferidos peso e estatura para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) das crianças e de suas mães, perímetro da cintura e perímetro do pescoço A composição corporal também foi avaliada, por meio de absorciometria por dupla emissão de raios X (DXA, do inglês dual energy X-ray absorptiometry). Para todos os testes realizados, o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram identificados cinco padrões alimentares (PA): "não saudável", "lanche", "tradicional", "industrializado" e "saudável". Houve associação entre o excesso de peso (razão de prevalência [RP]: 1,38; intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%]: 1,02 a 1,87) e gordura corporal (RP: 1,32; IC95%: 1,07 a 1,64) com o PA industrializado. Foi encontrada associação entre o excesso de gordura corporal (RP: 1,31; IC95%: 1,01 a 1,74) e a menor adesão ao PA tradicional. Os demais padrões não estiveram associados a obesidade e adiposidade corporal. Conclusão: As crianças com excesso de peso e de adiposidade corporal apresentaram maior adesão ao PA industrializado e menor adesão ao PA tradicional. Sugerimos que avaliações precoces dos hábitos alimentares devam ser realizadas para monitoramento e modificação destes, quando necessário.

Increased C-Reactive Protein in Brazilian Children: Association with Cardiometabolic Risk and Metabolic Syndrome Components (PASE Study).

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of subclinical inflammation that has been found to be associated with cardiovascular disease risk. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between CRP and cardiometabolic markers in a representative sample of prepubescent children. The objective was to evaluate the high-sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) and its association with traditional and nontraditional cardiometabolic risk factors, as well as metabolic syndrome (MetS) components in Brazilian children. This is a cross-sectional representative study, with participants of the Schoolchildren Health Assessment Survey (PASE). Children from 8 to 9 years old (n=350) enrolled in public and private schools in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, were evaluated. Sociodemographic evaluation was performed through a semistructured questionnaire. Anthropometric, body composition, clinical, and biochemical measures were analyzed for cardiometabolic risk assessment. The total mean of serum hs-CRP concentration was 0.62 (±1.44) mg/L. hs-CRP was significantly correlated with several anthropometric, biochemical, and clinical parameters in this population (P < 0.05). hs-CRP was positively associated with the accumulation of cardiometabolic risk factors and MetS components (P < 0.05). Children with excessive weight; abdominal obesity; increased gynoid and android body fat; low HDL-c; hyperglycemia; and elevated uric acid, homocysteine, and apoB had higher chances of presenting increased hs-CRP (P < 0.05). In this study, Brazilian children with cardiometabolic risk already presented elevated serum hs-CRP concentration. hs-CRP was associated with the increase of traditional and nontraditional cardiometabolic risk factors, as well as the accumulation of MetS components.

Increased ApoB/ApoA1 ratio is associated with excess weight, body adiposity, and altered lipid profile in children / A razão ApoB/ApoA1 aumentada está associada ao excesso de peso, de adiposidade corporal e ao perfil lipídico alterado em crianças

Abstract Objective: To investigate ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in children. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 258 children aged 8 and 9 years old, enrolled in all urban schools in the city of Viçosa-MG. Anthropometric and body composition assessment, as well as biochemical profile of the children was performed. Socioeconomic variables and sedentary lifestyle were evaluated through a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Many children had excess weight (35.2%), abdominal adiposity (10.5%), and body fat (15.6%), as well as increased ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (14.7%), total cholesterol (51.8%), and triglycerides (19.8%). Children with excess weight and total and central fat had a higher prevalence of having a higher ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, as well as those with atherogenic lipid profile (increased LDL-c and triglycerides and low HDL-c). A direct association was found between the number of cardiovascular risk factors and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (p = 0.001), regardless of age and income. Conclusion: The increased ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was associated with excess weight, body adiposity (total and central), and altered lipid profile in children. Children with a higher number of cardiovascular risk factors had higher ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, in both genders.

Resumo Objetivo: Investigar a razão ApoB/ApoA1 e sua relação com fatores de risco cardiovascular em crianças. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 258 crianças de 8 e 9 anos, matriculadas em todas as escolas urbanas de Viçosa-MG. Foi feita avaliação antropométrica, da composição corporal e bioquímica das crianças. As variáveis socioeconômicas e o sedentarismo foram avaliados por questionário semiestruturado. Resultados: Muitas crianças apresentaram excesso de peso (35,2%), de adiposidade abdominal (10,5%) e de gordura corporal (15,6%), bem como a razão ApoB/ApoA1 (14,7%), colesterol-total (51,8%) e triglicerídeos (19,8%) aumentados. Crianças com excesso de peso e de gordura total e central apresentaram maiores prevalências de maior razão ApoB/ApoA1, bem como as com perfil lipídico aterogênico (LDL-c e triglicerídeos aumentados e baixo HDL-c). Foi encontrada associação direta entre o número de fatores de risco cardiovascular e a razão ApoB/ApoA1 (p = 0,001), independente da idade e renda. Conclusão: A razão ApoB/ApoA1 aumentada esteve associada ao excesso de peso, de adiposidade corporal (total e central) e ao perfil lipídico alterado nas crianças. As crianças com maior número de fatores de risco cardiovascular apresentaram maior razão ApoB/ApoA1, em ambos os sexos.

Increased ApoB/ApoA1 ratio is associated with excess weight, body adiposity, and altered lipid profile in children.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in children. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 258 children aged 8 and 9 years old, enrolled in all urban schools in the city of Viçosa-MG. Anthropometric and body composition assessment, as well as biochemical profile of the children was performed. Socioeconomic variables and sedentary lifestyle were evaluated through a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Many children had excess weight (35.2%), abdominal adiposity (10.5%), and body fat (15.6%), as well as increased ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (14.7%), total cholesterol (51.8%), and triglycerides (19.8%). Children with excess weight and total and central fat had a higher prevalence of having a higher ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, as well as those with atherogenic lipid profile (increased LDL-c and triglycerides and low HDL-c). A direct association was found between the number of cardiovascular risk factors and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio (p=0.001), regardless of age and income. CONCLUSION: The increased ApoB/ApoA1 ratio was associated with excess weight, body adiposity (total and central), and altered lipid profile in children. Children with a higher number of cardiovascular risk factors had higher ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, in both genders.

Analysis of the national school feeding program in the municipality of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the implementation of the Brazilian National School Feeding Program as a food and nutritional security policy in public schools. METHODS This a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, carried out with 268 schoolchildren aged eight to nine years from the public school system of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. Interviews were carried out using semi-structured questionnaires with the children, parents, cooks, nutritionists, trainer of the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company, and president of the School Feeding Council. In order to analyze the implementation of the National School Feeding Program in Viçosa, we evaluated the direct weighing of the food served in the schools using mechanical balances with a capacity of up to 10 kg and the perception of the social players involved in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program. The children were questioned about the acceptance of and adherence to the food offered, in addition to the habit of bringing food from home. Parents reported knowledge about the School Feeding Program and Council. The qualitative analysis consisted of content analysis and quantitative analysis using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. We adopted the statistical significance of 5% for quantitative analysis. RESULTS Children reported low adherence to the school feeding program and most of them used to bring food from home. Irregularities were identified in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program, such as: inadequate number of nutritionists, suspension of Council meetings, inadequate infrastructure in the areas of preparation and distribution of meals, lack of training of cooks, lack of nutritional adequacy of the food offered, and lack of actions on food and nutritional education. The Program complied with the recommendations for purchasing food from family farms. CONCLUSIONS The National School Feeding Program presented many irregularities in Viçosa. It is important to monitor the problems identified for better reformulation and planning of the Program, in order to guarantee the food and nutritional security of the children served.

Lower vitamin D intake is associated with low HDL cholesterol and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in Brazilian children.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of vitamin D intake with dyslipidaemia and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency in Brazilian children and identify the main food group sources of this nutrient in the sample. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study carried out with a representative sample. Blood was collected after 12 h of fasting. Laboratory tests were performed to determine total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL cholesterol, TAG, apoB, apoA1, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Dietary intake was evaluated by a 24 h recall. SETTING: Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Children between 8 and 9 years old enrolled in urban schools (n 378). RESULTS: We found an elevated prevalence of inadequate vitamin D intake (91·3 %), dyslipidaemia (72·8 %) and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (56·2 %). The food groups that contributed the most to vitamin D intake were dairy products and fish. Lower vitamin D intake was associated with increased prevalence of both low HDL-C (prevalence ratio=2·51; 95 % CI 1·02, 6·18; P<0·05) and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency (prevalence ratio=1·61; 95 % CI 1·01, 2·58; P<0·05). CONCLUSIONS: Given the elevated prevalence of inadequate vitamin D intake and its association with low HDL-C and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, it is important to develop specific actions in food and nutritional education as well as programmes that stimulate and facilitate access to vitamin D food sources, such as dairy products and fish.

[Association between serum zinc level and hypercholesterolemia and insulin resistance in Brazilian children]. / Associação das concentrações séricas de zinco com hipercolesterolemia e resistência à insulina em crianças brasileiras.

The objective of the study was to assess the association between serum zinc level and cardiometabolic factors in prepubertal Brazilian children. This was a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of schoolchildren 8 to 9 years of age in public and private urban schools in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The study measured serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A (Apo A) and B, uric acid, leptin, homocysteine, ultrasenstive C-reactive protein, and serum zinc. Arterial pressure was measured with automatic inflation equipment. Zinc deficiency was observed in 1.3% of the children. Girls showed the worst cardiometabolic profile, with higher prevalence of increased android fat, triglycerides, insulin resistance, leptin, zinc, and Apo A. In the first tertile of serum zinc concentration, prevalence of insulin resistance was 96% higher (PR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.04-3.66) and hypercholesterolemia was 23% lower (PR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.61-0.96) than in the reference category (grouped 2nd and 3rd tertiles of serum zinc concentration). Despite the low prevalence of zinc deficiency, insulin resistance was more prevalent in children in the lowest third of serum zinc concentration. It is important to prevent cardiometabolic alterations in childhood, especially insulin resistance, with an emphasis on serum zinc level.

O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre a concentração sérica de zinco e os fatores cardiometabólicos em crianças pré-púberes brasileiras. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra representativa de escolares na faixa etária de 8 e 9 anos, matriculados em escolas urbanas públicas e privadas em Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A composição corporal foi avaliada pela técnica de absortometria de raios-x de dupla energia. Foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas de glicose, insulina, colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta e de baixa densidade de colesterol, triglicerídeos, apolipoproteínas A (Apo A) e B, ácido úrico, leptina, homocisteína, proteína C reativa-ultrassensível e zinco sérico. A pressão arterial foi aferida por equipamento de insuflação automática. A deficiência de zinco foi observada em 1,3% das crianças. As meninas apresentaram o pior perfil cardiometabólico, com maiores prevalências de valores aumentados para gordura androide, triglicerídeos, resistência à insulina, leptina, zinco e Apo A. No 1º terço de concentração sérica de zinco, a prevalência de resistência à insulina foi 96% maior (RP = 1,96; IC95%: 1,04-3,66) e a de hipercolesterolemia foi 23% menor (RP = 0,77; IC95%: 0,61-0,96) em relação à categoria de referência (2º e 3º terços de concentração sérica de zinco agrupado). Apesar da baixa prevalência da deficiência de zinco, a resistência à insulina foi mais prevalente entre crianças localizadas no menor terço da concentração sérica de zinco. Torna-se importante a prevenção das alterações cardiometabólicas na infância, principalmente da resistência à insulina, com ênfase na avaliação sérica do zinco.

El objetivo fue evaluar la asociación entre la concentración sérica de zinc y los factores cardiometabólicos en niñas pre-púberes brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio transversal con una muestra representativa de escolares en la franja de edad de 8 y 9 años, matriculadas en escuelas urbanas públicas y privadas en Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. La composición corporal se evaluó por la técnica de absorciometría de rayos-x de doble energía. Se evaluaron las concentraciones séricas de glucosa, insulina, colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta y de baja densidad de colesterol, triglicéridos, apolipoproteínas A (Apo A) y B, ácido úrico, leptina, homocisteína, proteína C reactiva-ultrasensible y zinc sérico. La presión arterial se midió mediante un equipo de insuflación automática. La deficiencia de zinc se observó en un 1,3% de los niños. Las niñas presentaron el peor perfil cardiometabólico, con mayores prevalencias de valores aumentados para la obesidad androide, triglicéridos, resistencia a la insulina, leptina, zinc y Apo A. En el primer tercio de concentración sérica de zinc, la prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina fue un 96% mayor (RP = 1,96; IC95%: 1,04-3,66) y la de hipercolesterolemia fue un 23% menor (RP = 0,77; IC95%: 0,61-0,96), en relación con la categoría de referencia (2º y 3º tercios de concentración sérica de zinc agrupado). A pesar de la baja prevalencia de la deficiencia de zinc, la resistencia a la insulina fue más prevalente entre niñas localizadas en el menor tercio de la concentración sérica de zinc. Es importante la prevención de las alteraciones cardiometabólicas durante la infancia, principalmente de la resistencia a la insulina, con énfasis en la evaluación sérica del zinc.

Analysis of the national school feeding program in the municipality of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais / Análise do programa nacional de alimentação escolar no município de Viçosa, MG, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the implementation of the Brazilian National School Feeding Program as a food and nutritional security policy in public schools. METHODS This a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, carried out with 268 schoolchildren aged eight to nine years from the public school system of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. Interviews were carried out using semi-structured questionnaires with the children, parents, cooks, nutritionists, trainer of the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company, and president of the School Feeding Council. In order to analyze the implementation of the National School Feeding Program in Viçosa, we evaluated the direct weighing of the food served in the schools using mechanical balances with a capacity of up to 10 kg and the perception of the social players involved in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program. The children were questioned about the acceptance of and adherence to the food offered, in addition to the habit of bringing food from home. Parents reported knowledge about the School Feeding Program and Council. The qualitative analysis consisted of content analysis and quantitative analysis using the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. We adopted the statistical significance of 5% for quantitative analysis. RESULTS Children reported low adherence to the school feeding program and most of them used to bring food from home. Irregularities were identified in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program, such as: inadequate number of nutritionists, suspension of Council meetings, inadequate infrastructure in the areas of preparation and distribution of meals, lack of training of cooks, lack of nutritional adequacy of the food offered, and lack of actions on food and nutritional education. The Program complied with the recommendations for purchasing food from family farms. CONCLUSIONS The National School Feeding Program presented many irregularities in Viçosa. It is important to monitor the problems identified for better reformulation and planning of the Program, in order to guarantee the food and nutritional security of the children served.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar como política de segurança alimentar e nutricional em escolas públicas. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, realizado com 268 escolares de oito a nove anos da rede pública de ensino em Viçosa, MG, em 2015. Foram realizadas entrevistas por meio de questionários semiestruturados com as crianças, os pais, merendeiras, nutricionistas, extensionista da Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural e presidente do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar. Para analisar a execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar em Viçosa, foi avaliada a pesagem direta dos alimentos servidos nas escolas, utilizando-se balanças mecânicas com capacidade de até 10 kg, e a percepção dos atores sociais envolvidos na execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar. As crianças foram questionadas sobre a aceitação e adesão da alimentação ofertada, além do hábito de levar lanches de casa. Os pais relataram o conhecimento sobre o Programa e o Conselho de Alimentação Escolar. A análise qualitativa foi constituída pela análise de conteúdo e a quantitativa pelo Teste do Qui-quadrado, Exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney. Adotou-se significância estatística de 5% para a análise quantitativa. RESULTADOS As crianças relataram baixa adesão à alimentação escolar e a maior parte costumava levar lanche de casa. Foram identificadas irregularidades na execução do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar, como: inadequação do número de nutricionistas, suspensão das reuniões do Conselho, inadequação da infraestrutura nas áreas de preparo e de distribuição das refeições, falta de capacitação das merendeiras, não adequação nutricional da alimentação ofertada e ausência de ações de educação alimentar e nutricional. O Programa atendeu as recomendações de compra dos alimentos provenientes da agricultura familiar. CONCLUSÕES O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar apresentou muitas irregularidades em Viçosa. É importante o monitoramento dos problemas identificados para melhor reformulação e planejamento do Programa, visando à garantia da segurança alimentar e nutricional das crianças atendidas.

Associação das concentrações séricas de zinco com hipercolesterolemia e resistência à insulina em crianças brasileiras / Association between serum zinc level and hypercholesterolemia and insulin resistance in Brazilian children / Asociación de las concentraciones séricas de zinc con la hipercolesterolemia y resistencia a la insulina en niños brasileñas

O objetivo foi avaliar a associação entre a concentração sérica de zinco e os fatores cardiometabólicos em crianças pré-púberes brasileiras. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com amostra representativa de escolares na faixa etária de 8 e 9 anos, matriculados em escolas urbanas públicas e privadas em Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A composição corporal foi avaliada pela técnica de absortometria de raios-x de dupla energia. Foram avaliadas as concentrações séricas de glicose, insulina, colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta e de baixa densidade de colesterol, triglicerídeos, apolipoproteínas A (Apo A) e B, ácido úrico, leptina, homocisteína, proteína C reativa-ultrassensível e zinco sérico. A pressão arterial foi aferida por equipamento de insuflação automática. A deficiência de zinco foi observada em 1,3% das crianças. As meninas apresentaram o pior perfil cardiometabólico, com maiores prevalências de valores aumentados para gordura androide, triglicerídeos, resistência à insulina, leptina, zinco e Apo A. No 1º terço de concentração sérica de zinco, a prevalência de resistência à insulina foi 96% maior (RP = 1,96; IC95%: 1,04-3,66) e a de hipercolesterolemia foi 23% menor (RP = 0,77; IC95%: 0,61-0,96) em relação à categoria de referência (2º e 3º terços de concentração sérica de zinco agrupado). Apesar da baixa prevalência da deficiência de zinco, a resistência à insulina foi mais prevalente entre crianças localizadas no menor terço da concentração sérica de zinco. Torna-se importante a prevenção das alterações cardiometabólicas na infância, principalmente da resistência à insulina, com ênfase na avaliação sérica do zinco.

The objective of the study was to assess the association between serum zinc level and cardiometabolic factors in prepubertal Brazilian children. This was a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of schoolchildren 8 to 9 years of age in public and private urban schools in Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Body composition was assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The study measured serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoproteins A (Apo A) and B, uric acid, leptin, homocysteine, ultrasenstive C-reactive protein, and serum zinc. Arterial pressure was measured with automatic inflation equipment. Zinc deficiency was observed in 1.3% of the children. Girls showed the worst cardiometabolic profile, with higher prevalence of increased android fat, triglycerides, insulin resistance, leptin, zinc, and Apo A. In the first tertile of serum zinc concentration, prevalence of insulin resistance was 96% higher (PR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.04-3.66) and hypercholesterolemia was 23% lower (PR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.61-0.96) than in the reference category (grouped 2nd and 3rd tertiles of serum zinc concentration). Despite the low prevalence of zinc deficiency, insulin resistance was more prevalent in children in the lowest third of serum zinc concentration. It is important to prevent cardiometabolic alterations in childhood, especially insulin resistance, with an emphasis on serum zinc level.

El objetivo fue evaluar la asociación entre la concentración sérica de zinc y los factores cardiometabólicos en niñas pre-púberes brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio transversal con una muestra representativa de escolares en la franja de edad de 8 y 9 años, matriculadas en escuelas urbanas públicas y privadas en Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. La composición corporal se evaluó por la técnica de absorciometría de rayos-x de doble energía. Se evaluaron las concentraciones séricas de glucosa, insulina, colesterol total, lipoproteínas de alta y de baja densidad de colesterol, triglicéridos, apolipoproteínas A (Apo A) y B, ácido úrico, leptina, homocisteína, proteína C reactiva-ultrasensible y zinc sérico. La presión arterial se midió mediante un equipo de insuflación automática. La deficiencia de zinc se observó en un 1,3% de los niños. Las niñas presentaron el peor perfil cardiometabólico, con mayores prevalencias de valores aumentados para la obesidad androide, triglicéridos, resistencia a la insulina, leptina, zinc y Apo A. En el primer tercio de concentración sérica de zinc, la prevalencia de resistencia a la insulina fue un 96% mayor (RP = 1,96; IC95%: 1,04-3,66) y la de hipercolesterolemia fue un 23% menor (RP = 0,77; IC95%: 0,61-0,96), en relación con la categoría de referencia (2º y 3º tercios de concentración sérica de zinc agrupado). A pesar de la baja prevalencia de la deficiencia de zinc, la resistencia a la insulina fue más prevalente entre niñas localizadas en el menor tercio de la concentración sérica de zinc. Es importante la prevención de las alteraciones cardiometabólicas durante la infancia, principalmente de la resistencia a la insulina, con énfasis en la evaluación sérica del zinc.

Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in Brazilian children, regardless of body fat distribution.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors, controlled by adiposity, in a representative sample of prepubescent children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-based study. Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Anthropometric measures and blood pressure were performed. Laboratory analyses were performed to determine the levels of vitamin D (25-hydroxyitamin D; 25(OH)D), glucose, insulin, serum lipids and intact parathyroid hormone. Dietary intake was assessed by three 24 h recalls. SETTING: Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2015. SUBJECTS: Representative sample of 378 children aged 8 and 9 years from urban schools. RESULTS: Inadequate serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were diagnosed in more than half of the children and none of them met the recommended vitamin D intake. After adjusting for confounding factors in the multiple regression analysis, lower prevalence of insulin resistance and hypertriacylglycerolaemia was found in children with serum 25(OH)D levels ≥75 nmol/l (prevalence ratio=0·25; 95 % CI 0·08, 0·85) and ≥50 nmol/l (prevalence ratio=0·61; 95 % CI 0·37, 0·99), respectively. However, after adjusting for different indicators of adiposity, insulin resistance remained independently associated and the association with hypertriacylglycerolaemia was lost after adjusting for central adiposity. The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was associated with the number of cardiometabolic alterations in children. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed that prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was high among the children and insulin resistance was the main cardiometabolic alteration associated with this condition, even in a tropical climate country such as Brazil.

Association between dietary pattern and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review / Associação entre padrão alimentar e risco cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. Data source: This article followed the recommendations of PRISMA, which aims to guide review publications in the health area. The article search strategy included searches in the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS. There was no date limitation for publications. The descriptors were used in English according to MeSH and in Portuguese according to DeCS. Only articles on dietary patterns extracted by the a posteriori methodology were included. The question to be answered was: how much can an "unhealthy" dietary pattern influence biochemical and inflammatory markers in this population? Data synthesis: The studies showed an association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic alterations. The patterns were characterized as unhealthy when associated to the consumption of ultraprocessed products, poor in fiber and rich in sodium, fat, and refined carbohydrates. Despite the associations, in several studies, the strength of this association for some risk markers was reduced or lost after adjusting for confounding variables. Conclusion: There was a positive association between "unhealthy" dietary patterns and cardiometabolic alterations in children and adolescents. Some unconfirmed associations may be related to the difficulty of assessing food consumption. Nevertheless, studies involving dietary patterns and their association with risk factors should be performed in children and adolescents, aiming at interventions and early changes in dietary habits considered to be inadequate.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação encontrada nos estudos entre padrão alimentar e fatores de risco cardiometabólicos em crianças e adolescentes. Fonte dos dados: Este artigo seguiu as recomendações do Prisma, que objetiva orientar as publicações de revisão na área da saúde. A estratégia de busca dos artigos incluiu pesquisas nas bases eletrônicas Medline via PubMed, Scopus e Lilacs. Não houve data limite de publicação. Os descritores foram usados em inglês de acordo com MeSH e em português segundo os DeCS. Apenas artigos de padrão alimentar extraídos pela metodologia a posteriori foram incluídos. A pergunta a ser respondida foi: quanto um padrão alimentar "não saudável" pode influenciar nos marcadores bioquímicos e inflamatórios dessa população? Síntese dos dados: Os estudos demonstraram haver associação entre os padrões alimentares e alterações cardiometabólicas. Os padrões eram caracterizados como não saudáveis marcados pelo consumo de produtos ultraprocessados, pobres em fibras e ricos em sódio, gordura e carboidratos refinados. Apesar das associações, em vários estudos, a força dessa associação para alguns marcadores de risco era reduzida ou perdida após os ajustes para as variáveis de confusão. Conclusão: Houve associação positiva entre os padrões alimentares "não saudáveis" e as alterações cardiometabólicas em crianças e adolescentes. Algumas associações não confirmadas podem estar relacionadas à própria dificuldade de avaliar o consumo alimentar. Apesar disso, estudos que envolvem padrões alimentares e sua associação com fatores de risco devem ser feitos em crianças e adolescentes com objetivo de intervenções e modificações precoces nos hábitos alimentares tidos como não adequados.

Association between dietary pattern and cardiometabolic risk in children and adolescents: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCE: This article followed the recommendations of PRISMA, which aims to guide review publications in the health area. The article search strategy included searches in the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS. There was no date limitation for publications. The descriptors were used in English according to MeSH and in Portuguese according to DeCS. Only articles on dietary patterns extracted by the a posteriori methodology were included. The question to be answered was: how much can an "unhealthy" dietary pattern influence biochemical and inflammatory markers in this population? DATA SYNTHESIS: The studies showed an association between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic alterations. The patterns were characterized as unhealthy when associated to the consumption of ultraprocessed products, poor in fiber and rich in sodium, fat, and refined carbohydrates. Despite the associations, in several studies, the strength of this association for some risk markers was reduced or lost after adjusting for confounding variables. CONCLUSION: There was a positive association between "unhealthy" dietary patterns and cardiometabolic alterations in children and adolescents. Some unconfirmed associations may be related to the difficulty of assessing food consumption. Nevertheless, studies involving dietary patterns and their association with risk factors should be performed in children and adolescents, aiming at interventions and early changes in dietary habits considered to be inadequate.